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Publications

Gender Identity and Quality of EmploymentJournal articleEstefanía Galván, Economica, Volume 89, Issue 354, pp. 409-436, 2022

Studies for high-income countries have shown that the prescription that a man should earn more than his wife holds back women's performance in the labour market, evidencing the importance of gender identity norms in explaining persistent gender gaps. Using data on couples in Uruguay for the period 1986–2016, this paper analyses behavioural responses to the male breadwinner norm, investigating the role of job informality as an additional mechanism of response to gender norms. My results show that the higher the probability that the wife earns more than her husband, the less likely she is to engage in a formal job, providing evidence that gender norms affect not only the quantity of labour supply (i.e. labour force participation and hours of work), but also the quality of jobs in which women are employed. Moreover, I also identify meaningful effects of the norm on men: those with lower potential earnings than their wives react to the norm by self-selecting into better-paid formal jobs. Not considering these effects would lead to underestimating the consequences of gender norms on labour market inequalities in the context of developing countries.

Intra-household Behavioral Responses to Cash Transfer Programs. Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity DesignJournal articleMarcelo Bergolo and Estefanía Galván, World Development, Volume 103, Issue C, pp. 100-118, 2018

Considering two-parent households with children, this study investigates the behavioral responses of men and women to a cash transfer program in Uruguay – Asignaciones Familiares-Plan de Equidad (AFAM-PE). We examine its effect on labor market responses, marital dissolution, and the decision-making process regarding the use of money. The assignment mechanism to the AFAM-PE exogenously alters the distribution of non-labor income across applicant households by targeting the monetary transfer (usually) to the female spouse. Our identification strategy exploits both the female targeting and a discontinuity in eligibility for enrollment into the program. Based on a regression discontinuity design and on a follow-up survey matched with program’s administrative records, this study finds that the program has significant negative effects on the formality choice of women at the eligibility cut-off. These responses seem to be associated with a lower rate of moving from unregistered jobs to formality. We also find suggestive evidence that the program results in women taking greater (perceived) responsibility for decisions in specific spheres of household expenditures. This study, represents one of the first efforts to analyze the distributional effects of CCT programs on different couples members’ behavioral responses. It offers relevant considerations for the ongoing debate about the impacts of these kind of programs on women’s agency in developing countries, suggesting the need to discuss new designs for social assistance that reduce discouraging effects on formality.

Models of the intrahousehold division of total labour: Ecuador and MexicoBook chapterSoledad Salvador and Estefanía Galván, In: Redistributing care: the policy challenge, 2013-09, Number 37980, pp. 269-299, ECLAC, 2013

No abstract is available for this item.

Enrique V. Iglesias. Intuición y ética en la construcción de futuroBookDiego Aboal, Lucas Arce, Danilo Astori, Julio Berlinski, Gustavo Bittencourt, Roberto Bouzas, José María Fanelli, Estefanía Galván, Leo Harari, Bibiana Lanzilotta, et al., Serie Red MERCOSUR, Cecilia Alemany and Andrés López (Eds.), 2012-09, Volume 1, Number 22, Red Mercosur, 2012

En este libro, Red Mercosur asumió el compromiso colectivo de embarcarse en el ejercicio de mirar hacia atrás y recorrer parte de la trayectoria institucional de Enrique Iglesias, rescatando así parte de la historia del Uruguay, la región y el mundo.