Nowadays, about 20% of the Brazilian Amazon is under environmental protection and 13% of its population live within these preserved areas. The role of protected areas is essential for biodiversity and environmental conservation but could also imply a cost for local populations. Thanks to a unique dataset built for the whole Brazilian Amazon, we examine how protected area implementation affects population in term of poverty for the 2000-2010 period. Our results show that implementation of protected area increases poverty rate.  However, evidence of PA implementation on poverty deeply depends on the designation process and type of PA. Indeed, PA implemented close to human pressure leads to displacement of poorest population while PA implemented far from human pressure does not affect displacement but increases poverty rate.  This makes likely that PA close to human pressure, by restricting land use and  increasing land scarcity, leads the poorest people to leave since they cannot exploit land anymore. However, by decreasing job opportunities and being far from urban area,  PA far from human pressure increases poverty rate since this population cannot migrate.  Finally, we show PA are badly managed. Due to bad land tenure rights, richest households, who  are supposed to decrease thanks to land restriction,  increase.