Publications
La crise de la COVID-19 a souligné, parfois avec cruauté, certaines insuffisances du système de santé français. Elle a mis en lumière l’absence de stratégie globale de gestion du risque et la difficulté de prendre des décisions adaptées à un niveau infranational. Mais elle a aussi été porteur d’espoir en révélant une véritable capacité d’adaptation des professionnels de santé à l’hôpital et en ville et des industriels pharmaceutiques, accélérant les processus d’innovation thérapeutique et de coordination des acteurs.
Il semble, aujourd’hui plus que jamais, nécessaire qu’un ouvrage en économie de la santé puisse éclairer les débats qui traversent le système de santé. De nombreux défis sont à relever : le financement et la régulation des dépenses de santé, le manque de coordination entre médecine de ville et hôpital ; le déficit de prévention et l’invisibilité de la santé publique ; les inégalités sociales de santé et d’accès aux soins. Ces défis interrogent chacun des acteurs du système de santé (patients, offreurs de soins, industriels…).
A l’occasion de ses 30 ans, le Collège des Economistes de la santé propose un ouvrage collectif réunissant 30 contributeurs, et ambitionne d’analyser et de disséquer les principaux défis auxquels le système de santé fait face.
This paper estimates trade barriers in government procurement, a market that accounts for 12% of world GDP. Using data from inter-country input-output tables in a gravity model, we find that home bias in government procurement is significantly higher than in trade between firms. However, this difference has been shrinking over time. Results also show that trade agreements with provisions on government procurement increase cross-border flows of services, whereas the effect on goods is small and not different from that in private markets. Provisions containing transparency and procedural requirements drive the liberalizing effect of trade agreements.
This chapter discusses whether the Middle East and North African (MENA) countries are prone to be cursed or blessed by their natural resources endowments. It thus reviews the literature on the resource curse theory. The existence of a resource curse is discussed and arguments against advocates of the resource curse are presented. Then, the resource curse transmission channels are presented. Finally, we present to what extent MENA countries are affected by the curse, drawing on existing literature as well as empirical data. The (scarce) literature shows that a resource curse may be underway in MENA economies. Broadly speaking, this literature often argues that the curse could be turned into a blessing through institutional improvements. The empirical data presented in this chapter tend to confirm this view. They show that the economic development of resource-rich MENAs has not been translated into human progress and has been largely non-inclusive. These results are stronger when the resource rent per capita is larger. Finally, the average institutional quality in resources-rich MENA countries appears to be lower than the average institutional quality in resources-poor MENA economies, suggesting some room for an institutional resource curse.
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The Pareto model is very popular in risk management, since simple analytical formulas can be derived for financial downside risk measures (value-at-risk, expected shortfall) or reinsurance premiums and related quantities (large claim index, return period). Nevertheless, in practice, distributions are (strictly) Pareto only in the tails, above (possible very) large threshold. Therefore, it could be interesting to take into account second-order behavior to provide a better fit. In this article, we present how to go from a strict Pareto model to Pareto-type distributions. We discuss inference, derive formulas for various measures and indices, and finally provide applications on insurance losses and financial risks.
This chapter presents a survey of some recent methods used in economics and finance to account for cyclical dependence and account for their multifaced dynamics: nonlinearities, extreme events, asymmetries, non-stationarity, time-varying moments. To circumvent the caveats of the standard spectral analysis, new tools are now used based on copula spectrum, quantile spectrum and Laplace periodogram in both non-parametric and parametric contexts. The chapter presents a comprehensive overview of both theoretical and empirical issues as well as a computational approach to explain how the methods can be implemented using the R Package.
Beta coefficients are the cornerstone of asset pricing theory in the CAPM and multiple factor models. This chapter proposes a review of different time series models used to estimate static and time-varying betas, and a comparison on real data. The analysis is performed on the USA and developed Europe REIT markets over the period 2009–2019 via a two-factor model. We evaluate the performance of the different techniques in terms of in-sample estimates as well as through an out-of-sample tracking exercise. Results show that dynamic models clearly outperform static models and that both the state space and autoregressive conditional beta models outperform the other methods.
In this paper, we tackle a generic optimal regime switching problem where the decision-making process is not the same from one regime to another. Precisely, we consider a simple model of optimal switching from competition to cooperation. To this end, we solve a two-stage optimal control problem. In the first stage, two players engage in a dynamic game with a common state variable and one control for each player. We solve for open-loop strategies with a linear state equation and linear-quadratic payoffs. More importantly, the players may also consider the possibility to switch at finite time to a cooperative regime with the associated joint optimization of the sum of the individual payoffs. Using theoretical analysis and numerical exercises, we study the optimal switching strategy from competition to cooperation. We also discuss reverse switching.
