Publications

Résumé Des mutuelles de santé ont été mises en place dans de nombreux pays d’Afrique subsaharienne pour améliorer le recours aux soins et lutter contre les inégalités sociales de santé. C’est le cas au Sénégal, dans des zones rurales où les habitants ne disposaient d’aucune couverture santé. Plusieurs études questionnent leur rôle dans la perspective d’atteindre la couverture sanitaire universelle.
Mots clés Couverture santé, Assurance maladie, Accès aux soins, Senegal, Afrique subsaharienne
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Résumé Public health problems are complex; investigating them requires a framework that both accounts for multiple interactions among individuals and their intermediate and broader environment and also integrates equity concerns. Incorporating internal and external influences at the individual level, the health capability profile (HCP)’s 15 different health capabilities address this need. Using a systematic three-step deductive content analysis process, we examine hypothetical case studies representing leading causes of death in the USA (eg, heart disease, cancer and diabetes) as well as pressing public health issues such as COVID-19, alcohol use disorder, stigma and discrimination, intimate partner violence and firearm violence. After reviewing the profile (1), each case study is analysed through the framework of the HCP and developed into a flow diagram, through which we identify shortfalls between the observed and optimal levels of each health capability, as well as detrimental or enabling interactions among capabilities (2). We then determine factors and interventions that could help improve overall health capability (3). The HCP harnesses the multitude of unique individual profiles, and through aggregation and analysis, reveals common vulnerabilities (eg, discriminatory social norms and non-evidence-based information), and strengths. It recommends cross-cutting structural policy and programme reforms for institutions, schools, community resources and for individuals to develop a positive set of norms, knowledge, goals, attitudes and habits to chart the path towards health and well-being for all.
Mots clés SOCIAL SCIENCES, PUBLIC HEALTH, Health inequalities, HEALTH PROMOTION
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Résumé Résumé L’article rend hommage à la manière dont Bertrand Lemennicier concevait le raisonnement économique. Après un rappel des différents sophismes pouvant être présents dans l’argumentaire des économistes, l’article met en perspective les avantages et les risques d’une telle approche.
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Résumé This article derives the (asymptotic) variances and covariances – and hence standard errors – of quantile means and quantile shares in terms of explicit formulas that are distribution-free and easily computable. The article then develops a toolbox of quantile-based disaggregative inequality measures, based on the means and shares, which allow for detailed inferential analysis of income distributions in a straightforward unified framework. The analytical formulas are applied to Canadian Census public-use microdata files on workers’ earnings for 2000 and 2005. The results highlight the statistical significance of how upper-earnings levels have advanced beyond middle earnings, how much the share of mid-range earnings has eroded over even a five-year period, and how decile mean growth rates for women were everywhere higher than for men – except at the top decile, where the opposite phenomenon was highly significant.
Mots clés Quantile share, Quantile means, Income shares, Distribution-free inference, Disaggregative measures
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Résumé A large proportion of adults in the developing world remain without access to formal banking. We assess the effectiveness of a network‐based information delivery strategy in fostering interest to learn about and subscribe to mobile money services in rural and peri‐urban communities in Peru. We posit that lack of information about mobile money technology is a barrier to financial inclusion, which can be mitigated through social proximity. We designed a randomized controlled trial where workshops were led by individuals personally known to participants (local ambassadors–treatment) or by external agents (control). We find that attendance and BiM subscription rates were twice as high in the local ambassadors' group, especially among low‐trust individuals.
Mots clés Financial inclusion, Network-based information experiment, Asymmetric information, Trust
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Résumé Narrow bracketers who are myopic in specific decisions would fail to consider preexisting risks in investment and neglect hedging opportunities. Growing evidence has demonstrated the relevance of narrow bracketing. We take a step further in empirical investigation and study individual heterogeneity in narrow bracketing. Specifically, we use a lab experiment in investment and hedging that elicits subjects' preferences on rich occasions to uncover the individual degree of narrow bracketing without imposing distributional assumptions. Combining prospect theory and narrow bracketing can explain our findings: Subjects who invest more also insure more, and subjects insure significantly less in the loss domain than in the gain domain. More importantly, we show that the distribution of the individual degree of narrow bracketing is skewed at two extremes, yet with a substantial share of people in the middle who partially suffer from narrow bracketing. Neglecting this aspect, we would overestimate the severity of narrow bracketing and misinterpret its relation with individual characteristics.
Mots clés Hedging, Narrow bracketing, Prospect theory, Subject heterogeneity
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Résumé In this article, we obtain an extension of the Ekeland variational principle in quasi-uniform spaces. Since the Ekeland variational principle is a type of perturbed optimization problem, the perturbations do not need to satisfy the triangle property to obtain results. We also give some equivalent results of our main results. Moreover, we present a new version of the Ekeland variational principle and its equivalent results, in the setting of quasi-gage spaces. Finally, we establish the Ekeland variational principle in a (metric) modular space as an application of our results.
Mots clés Ekeland&#039, s variational principle, Quasi-uniform space, Quasi-gauge space, Modular space, Fixed point
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Résumé Experts argue that the adoption of healthy sanitation practices, such as hand washing and latrine use, requires focusing on the entire community rather than individual behaviors. According to this view, one limiting factor in ending open defecation lies in the capacity of the community to collectively act toward this goal. Each member of a community bears the private cost of contributing by washing hands and using latrines, but the benefits through better health outcomes depend on whether other community members also opt out of open defecation. We rely on a community-based intervention carried out in Mali as an illustrative example (Community-Led Total Sanitation or CLTS). Using a series of experiments conducted in 121 villages and designed to measure the willingness of community members to contribute to a local public good, we investigate the process of participation in a collective action problem setting. Our focus is on two types of activities: (1) gathering of community members to encourage public discussion of the collective action problem, and (2) facilitation by a community champion of the adoption of individual actions to attain the socially preferred outcome. In games, communication helps raise public good provision, and both open discussion and facilitated ones have the same impact. When a community member facilitates a discussion after an open discussion session, public good contributions increase, but there are no gains from opening up the discussion after a facilitated session. Community members who choose to contribute in the no-communication treatment are not better facilitators than those who choose not to contribute.
Mots clés Public good provision, Behavioral experiments, Community-based development, Sanitation
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Résumé http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">The di¤erent options people select from a set of non-rival alternatives are compared in terms of singularity. A criterion for ranking these choices on the basis of the number of other choices from which they di¤er is introduced and characterized. An axiomatic characterization of the ranking of choice pro…les based on the aggregation of the singularities of the chosen alternatives is also provided. JEL Classi…cation : D63 Keywords : Diversity, Freedom of choice, Orderings, Choice pro…les. "The prosp ects of freedom in the contem p orary world m ay well lie in the recognition of the plurality of our identities, where p ersonal identity must b e understo o d as an extension of one's own choice of b eing som eone or doing som ething" (A. K. Sen (2006))
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Résumé The different options people select from a set of non-rival alternatives are compared in terms of singularity. A criterion for ranking these choices on the basis of the number of other choices from which they differ is introduced and characterized. An axiomatic characterization of the ranking of choice profiles based on the aggregation of the singularities of the chosen alternatives is also provided.
Mots clés Freedom of choice, Orderings, Choice profiles
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