Kla Kouadio*, Nicolas Posso Gonzalez**

*In 1970, Black families in the United States were less segregated by income than White families, but this pattern reversed over subsequent decades. Between 1970 and 2000, Black households relocated from central cities to suburbs, with higher-income households accounting for a disproportionate share of this movement, leading to increased income segregation within the Black population. This paper studies the long-run consequences of this spatial reallocation for low-income Black children growing up in central-city neighborhoods. I use land constraints near pre-existing Black suburban communities as an instrumental variable for Black suburbanization. Preliminary results suggest that greater Black suburbanization is associated with reduced upward mobility among Black children from low-income families in central cities.

**Battery electric vehicles (BEV) are a key technology for reducing CO₂ emissions from the transport sector, but their large-scale adoption may strain the current electricity grid. Smart charging can complement BEV uptake by optimizing charging according to grid constraints, renewable energy availability, and user preferences. Despite their potential, both technologies exhibit low adoption rates, making it important to understand consumers' preferences. I analyze preferences for BEV and smart charging in France using two discrete choice experiments conducted in January 2024 with a sample of more than 2,000 individuals. Latent class models are used for the estimations. Preliminary results reveal three distinct preference groups for BEV, with differences in the sensitivity to driving range, charging time, purchase price, CO₂ emissions, and maintenance cost. This study aims to provide insights for the design of policies encouraging the adoption of BEV and smart charging.