*This paper studies the role of the frictional labor market in the transmission of aggregate shocks in an economy with on-job search. To this end, I incorporate the dynamic job ladder in a Heterogeneous-Agent New Keynesian model with Search and Matching frictions. I show that the job ladder impacts the earnings risk wedge over the business cycle through the change in job-to-job transition rates, as well as through the change in relative wages. Both channels produce quantitatively significant amplification of the aggregate shocks.

**This study investigates gender differences in PhD graduation in France across all research fields using data from Thèses.fr from 1988 to 2021. Among PhD students, women are poorly represented in STEM fields and better represented in biology and health sciences. They are generally better represented in social sciences and humanities, except for economics and philosophy. I investigate the extent to which students and their supervisors have the same gender using the normalized Coleman index. The results indicate that homophily exists for both male and female students across all fields; but decreases for men and increases for women over time. Furthermore, I plan to use Scopus bibliometric data to explore gender disparities in academic participation and productivity; and examine how the gender and productivity of the supervisor impact the future careers of their PhD students.