*Since the 2000s, the notion of value-added (VA) for teachers and schools has become increasingly important in educational institutions and public debate. Value-added is interesting to study as it highlights the causal effect of the school on its students' outcomes. In France value-added is calculated since 2012 for all French high schools and this allows ranking of high schools. Despite the importance of the VA, very little is known about its determinants. Using French administrative data and detailed information on high schools, I intend to estimate VA for French high schools following Chetty et al. (2014). Exploiting this estimated VA, I plan to study the impact of high school characteristics (e.g., the structure of the teaching offered, the type of contract of the institution or the teacher-student ratio) on their VA. Finally, I aim to investigate the impact of high schools' VA on students' wishes for post-secondary education through APB and Parcoursup platforms.

**The majority of US states enacted anti-miscegenation laws at varying points during the 19th and 20th century. These laws made interracial marriages prohibited and void making them a cornerstone of segregation. Exploiting variations in introduction and coverage we study how these laws shaped household outcomes and reinforced differences in economic outcomes across racial groups. We combined information on state-level anti-miscegenation laws with longitudinal data from the censuses (1850-1940). This allows us to follow more than 30 million men over time. Our preliminary results suggest that the implementation of anti-miscegenation laws changed the composition of marriages and increased out-of-state migration of individuals targeted by the laws, in particular individuals in mixed marriages, but also Black men overall. Moreover, codifying race was a key necessity to enforce interracial marriage bans. Thus, anti-miscegenation laws included the blood purity rules. In line with this, we find that racial identity changes of initially Black individuals, a non-negligible phenomenon at the time, declined when anti-miscegenation laws were introduced. Further preliminary explorations suggest that this also had an impact on human capital accumulation and on other key economic outcomes. The documented effects of anti-miscegenation laws can plausibly be interpreted as causal as we do not observe any pre-trends before the introduction of the laws and we disentangle their effect from that of other important Jim Crow laws.