Bruno Decreuse

Chercheur ,  Aix-Marseille Université , Faculté d'économie et de gestion (FEG)

Macroéconomie, économie du travail et économie internationale
Decreuse
Statut
Professeur des universités
Domaine(s) de recherche
Économie du travail, Macroéconomie
Thèse
2000, Aix-Marseille Université
Téléchargement
CV
Contact
bruno.decreuse[at]univ-amu.fr
+33(0)4 13 94 20 08
Adresse

Maison de l'économie et de la gestion d'Aix
424 chemin du viaduc, CS80429
13097 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 2

Site
http://sites.google.com/site/brunodecreuseecon/
Résumé Recent papers use regression discontinuity designs (RDDs) based on age discontinuity to evaluate social assistance (SA) and unemployment insurance (UI) extension policies. Job search theory predicts that such designs generate biased estimates of the policy-relevant treatment effect. Owing to market frictions, people below the age threshold modify their search behavior in expectation of future eligibility. We use a job search model to quantify the biases on various datasets in the literature. The impacts of SA benefits on employment are underestimated, whereas those of UI extensions on nonemployment duration are overestimated. The article provides insights for RDD evaluations of age-discontinuous policies.
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Résumé Abstract When vacancies are filled, the job ads often remain, creating phantom vacancies. Older listings more likely represent phantoms. We assume job seekers direct their search based on listing age. Forming a match with an age‐ a vacancy creates an age‐ a phantom with probability β and generates an externality affecting vacancies aged a and older. Thus, the externality decreases with the match's listing age. Relative to efficient behavior, job seekers overapply to younger listings. We calibrate using U.S. data. The contribution of phantoms to inefficiency is large, but, given their existence, the planner cannot improve much on the directed search allocation.
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Résumé Canada exhibits no correlation between income and victimization, rich neighborhoods are less exposed to property crime, rich households are more victimized than their neighbors, and rich households and neighborhoods invest more in protection. We provide a theory consistent with these facts. Criminals within city choose a neighborhood and pay a search cost to compare potential victims, whereas households invest in self‐protection. As criminals' return to search increases with neighborhood income, households in rich neighborhoods are likelier to enter a race to greater protection driving crim-inals toward poorer areas. A calibration reproduces the Canadian victimiza-tion and protection pattern by household/neighborhood income.
Mots clés Search frictions, Property crime, Private protection, Economics of crime, Alarms
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Résumé In the US, black workers spend more time in unemployment, lose their jobs more rapidly, and earn lower wages than white workers. This paper quantifies the contributions of statistical discrimination, as portrayed by negative stereotyping and screening discrimination, to such employment and wage disparities. We develop an equilibrium search model of statistical discrimination with learning based on Moscarini (2005) and estimate it by indirect inference. We show that statistical discrimination alone cannot simultaneously explain the observed differences in residual wages and monthly job loss probabilities between black and white workers. However, a model with negative stereotyping, larger unemployment valuation and faster learning about the quality of matches for black workers can account for these facts. One implication of our findings is that black workers have larger returns to tenure. JEL Codes: J31, J64, J71.
Mots clés Indirect Inference, Job Search, Screening Discrimination, Learning
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Résumé Young Europeans experience high unemployment rates, job instability, and late emancipation. Meanwhile, they do not support reforms weakening protection on long-term contracts. In this paper, we suggest a possible rationale for such reform distaste. When the rental market is strongly regulated, landlords screen applicants with regard to their ability to pay the rent. Protecting regular jobs offers a second-best technology to sort workers, thereby increasing the rental market size. We provide a model where nonemployed workers demand protected jobs despite unemployment and the share of short-term jobs increases, whereas the individual risk of dismissal is unaffected. Our theory can be extended to alternative risks and markets involving correlated risks and commitment under imperfect information.
Mots clés Rent default, Screening, Labor market dualism
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Mots clés Customer discrimination Matching frictions Neighborhood externalities Housing market
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Résumé This paper questions the ability of the standard HOS (Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson) model to explain changes in the labor shares (LS) of income in OECD countries. We use the Davis (1998) version of the HOS model with wage rigidity in a sub-group of countries. We show that trade openness with developing countries reduces LS in rigid wage countries and does not affect LS in free wage countries. This pattern is induced by factor reallocation towards capital-intensive sectors in rigid wage countries. Using the KLEMS dataset for 8 OECD countries over the period 1970–2005, we show that the weight of capital-intensive sectors substantially increased in continental European countries, while it did not change or even decreased in the US and the UK. Fixed effects regressions suggest that trade intensity with China explains between 50% (IV estimates) and 80% (OLS estimates) of the observed differential labor share change between Continental Europe and Anglo-Saxon countries.
Mots clés Davis model Factor reallocation Elasticity of substitution Unemployment
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Résumé Searching for partners involves informational persistence that reduces future traders’ matching probability. In this article, traders who are no longer available but who left tracks on the market are called phantoms. We examine a dynamic matching market in which phantoms are a by-product of search activity, no coordination frictions are assumed, and non-phantom traders may lose time trying to match with phantoms. The resulting aggregate matching technology features increasing returns to scale in the short run, but has constant returns to scale in the long run. We embed a generalized version of this matching function in the canonical continuous-time equilibrium search unemployment model. Long-run constant returns to scale imply there is a unique steady state, whereas short-run increasing returns generate excess volatility in the short run and endogenous fluctuations based on self-fulfilling prophecies.
Mots clés Information persistence, Endogenous matching function, Business Cycles
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Résumé The paper investigates the link between the over-exposure of African immigrants to unemployment in France and their under-representation in jobs in contact with customers. We build a two-sector matching model with ethnic sectorspecifc preferences, economy-wide employer discrimination, and customer discrimination in jobs in contact with customers. The outcomes of the model allow us to build a test of ethnic discrimination in general and customer discrimination in particular. We run the test on French individual data in a cross-section of local labor markets (Employment Areas). Our results show that there is both ethnic and customer discrimination in the French labor market.
Mots clés Economie quantitative
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Résumé We address the effects of FDI on the labor share in developing countries. Our theory relies on the impacts of FDI on wage and labor productivity in a frictional labor market. FDI has two opposite effects on the labor share: a negative force originated by technological advance, and a positive force due to increased labor market competition between …firms. We test this theory on aggregate panel data through …fixed effects and IV estimates. We examine the relationship between the labor share in the manufacturing sector and the ratio of FDI stock to GDP. We show that FDI has decreased the labor share in the host countries of our dataset. This impact amounts to between 10% to 20% of the mean labor share in our sample.
Mots clés Economie quantitative
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Résumé This paper examines the impact of labor market institutions covering the risk of unemployment on the nature of educational investment. We offer a matching model of unemployment in which individuals of a given education determine the scope (or adaptability) and intensity (or productivity) of their human capital before entering the labor market. Our model features an increasing relationship between match surplus and the return to adaptability skills. This relationship explains why matching frictions promote adaptability skills instead of productivity skills, and why unemployment benefits and job protection create the incentive for productivity skill acquisition.
Mots clés Economie quantitative
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Résumé We propose a search equilibrium model in which homogenous rms post wages along with a vacancy to attract job-seekers, while homogenous unemployed workers invest in costly job-seeking. The key innovation relies on the organization of the search market and the search behavior of the job-seekers. The search market is continuously segmented by wage level, individuals can spread their search investment over the di¤erent sub-markets, and search intensity has marginal decreasing returns on each sub-market. We show that there exists a non-degenerate equilibrium wage distribution. The density of this wage distribution is increasing at low wages, and decreasing at high wages. Under additional restrictions, it is hump-shaped, and it can be right-tailed. Our results are illustrated by an example originating a Beta wage distribution.
Mots clés Search e¤ort, Segmented markets, Equilibrium wage dispersion
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Résumé This paper presents a continuous time overlapping-generation (OLG) model which generalizes the Blanchard-Buiter-Weil model and clarifies the relationships between dynastic previous termaltruismnext term, the length of planning horizons, and dynamic inefficiency. Our main innovation relies on the introduction of previous termparentalnext termprevious termaltruismnext term, whose intensity is variable. We first show that previous termparentalnext termprevious termaltruism and life expectancy do favor overaccumulation. Second, we give a condition that explains why the Ramsey model may only display dynamic efficiency. These theoretical results are illustrated by a parameterization from US data. Our numerical exercises suggest that the US economy is dynamically efficient, mainly because of the shortness of life expectancy.
Mots clés Overlapping-generations models, Productive capital, Dynamic inefficiency, Intergenerational altruism
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Résumé Le présent article comprend 5 sections qui s'attachent chacune à décrire un aspect particulier du scénario global envisagé pour ce qui concerne le marché du travail.
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Résumé Dans cet article, les auteurs défendent la thèse suivante : les Africains sont relativement concentrés dans les grandes agglomérations car le logement social y est sur-représenté et les phénomènes de discrimination sur le marché du logement privé freinent l'occupation d'autres types de logement.
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Résumé Le système d’indemnisation du chômage a un double objectif: fournir une assurance contre les risques idiosyncrasiques du marché du travail et participer au financement de la recherche d’emploi des chômeurs. La littérature économique s’est pendant longtemps essentiellement intéressée au premier objectif, en soulignant l’aspect désincitatif des allocations chômage. Toutefois, depuis quelques années, des contributions empiriques et théoriques ont mis en avant les bénéfices potentiels de l’indemnisation du chômage en soulignant qu’elle contribue aussi à financer la recherche d’emplois de bonne qualité et qu’elle permet de sélectionner des méthodes de recherche efficaces. Le présent article propose un aperçu synthétique de cette littérature.
Mots clés Search channels, Job quality, Wage distribution, Credits constraints, Unemployment benefits, Allocation chômage, Contraintes financières, Méthodes de recherche, Distribution des salaires, Qualité des emplois
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Résumé Le système d'indemnisation du chômage a un double objectif: fournir une assurance contre les risques idiosyncrasiques du marché du travail et participer au financement de la recherche d'emploi des chômeurs. La littérature économique s'est pendant longtemps essentiellement intéressée au premier objectif, en soulignant l'aspect désincitatif des allocations chômage. Toutefois, depuis quelques années, des contributions empiriques et théoriques ont mis en avant les bénéfices potentiels de l'indemnisation du chômage en soulignant qu'elle contribue aussi à financer la recherche d'emplois de bonne qualité et qu'elle permet de sélectionner des méthodes de recherche efficaces. Le présent article propose un aperçu synthétique de cette littérature.
Mots clés Méthodes de recherche, Contraintes financières, Allocation chômage, Distribution des salaires, Qualité des emplois
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Résumé L'amour lorsqu'il est poussé à son paroxysme confine à l'étouffement. Telle est la morale de cet article dans lequel un parent altruiste module son offre de travail en partie pour assurer le meilleur niveau de vie possible à son enfant. Lorsque le travail des parents et celui des enfants sont parfaitement substituables dans la production, ce comportement pousse les salaires à la baisse. Si les salaires horaires sont rigides, l'emploi est rationné et les jeunes sont les premières victimes de ce rationnement. Nous montrons que ce mécanisme est à l'origine de fluctuations endogènes entre chômage et plein emploi lorsque la productivité des travailleurs âgés est négativement influencée par la durée de chômage passée. Nous analysons également le soutien politique pour le salaire minimum lorsque la productivité des jeunes est soumise à un aléa : le salaire minimum, l'offre de travail des vieux et le chômage des jeunes augmentent tous trois avec le facteur d'altruisme.
Mots clés OLG model, Altruism, Endogenous labour supply, Unemployment, Générations imbriquées, Altruisme, Offre de travail endogène, Chômage
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Résumé Le chômage engendre-t-il le chômage ? Le débat oppose les tenants d’une hétérogénéité pure, éventuellement inobservable du statisticien, aux partisans d’une véritable relation de dépendance des probabilités de sortie vis-à-vis de la durée de l’épisode de chômage. Après avoir présenté et illustré l’état de la littérature empirique, nous distinguons à l’aide d’un modèle simple quatre arguments avancés par la littérature théorique : l’hétérogénéité ex ante, le signal lié à la durée du chômage, la démoralisation des chômeurs de longue durée, et la perte de capital humain liée à l’épisode de chômage. Les implications en termes de politique économique sont également envisagées
Mots clés Long-term unemployment, Ex ante and ex post heterogeneity, Duration dependance, Chômage de longue durée, Dépendance temporelle, Hétérogénéité ex ante et ex post
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Résumé Young Europeans experience high unemployment rates, job instability, and late emancipation. Meanwhile, they do not support reforms weakening protection on long-term contracts. In this paper, we suggest a possible rationale for such reform distaste. When the rental market is strongly regulated, landlords screen applicants with regard to their ability to pay the rent. Protecting regular jobs offers a second-best technology to sort workers, thereby increasing the rental market size. We provide a model where nonemployed workers demand protected jobs despite unemployment and the share of short-term jobs increases, whereas the individual risk of dismissal is unaffected. Our theory can be extended to alternative risks and markets involving correlated risks and commitment under imperfect information.
Mots clés Rent default, Screening, Labor market dualism
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Résumé A recent strand of papers use sharp regression discontinuity designs (RDD) based on age discontinuity to study the impacts of minimum income and unemployment insurance benefit extension policies. This design challenges job search theory, which predicts that such RDD estimates are biased. Owing to market frictions, people below the age threshold account for future eligibility to the policy. This progressively affects their search outcomes as they get closer to entitlement. Comparing them to eligible people leads to biased estimates because both groups of workers are actually treated. We provide a nonstationary job search model and quantify the theoretical biases on the datasets used in the literature. Our results suggest that the employment impact of minimum income policies are (significantly) under-estimated, whereas the impacts of benefit extensions on nonemployment duration are (not significantly) over-estimated.
Mots clés RDD, Age discontinuity, Nonstationary job search theory
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Résumé When vacancies are filled, the ads that were posted are generally not withdrawn, creating phantom vacancies. The existence of phantoms implies that older job listings are less likely to represent true vacancies than are younger ones. We assume that job seekers direct their search based on the listing age for otherwise identical listings and so equalize the probability of matching across listing age. Forming a match with a vacancy of age a creates a phantom of age a and thus creates a negative informational externality that affects all vacancies of age a or older. The magnitude of this externality decreases with a. The directed search behavior of job seekers leads them to over-apply to younger listings. We calibrate the model using US labor market data. The contribution of phantoms to overall frictions is large, but, conditional on the existence of phantoms, the social planner cannot improve much on the directed search allocation.
Mots clés Directed search, Information persistence, Vacancy age
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Résumé Young Europeans experience high unemployment rates, job instability and late emancipation. Meanwhile they do not support reforms weakening protection on long-term contracts. In this paper, we suggest a possible rationale for such reform distaste. When the rental market is very regulated, landlords screen applicants with regard to their ability to pay the rent. Protecting regular jobs offers a second-best technology to sort workers, thereby increasing the rental market size. We provide a model where non-employed workers demand protected jobs despite unemployment and the share of short-term jobs increase, whereas rents, wages and the individual risk of dismissal are unaffected.
Mots clés Labor market dualism, Rent default, Screening
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Résumé In the US, black workers spend more time in unemployment, lose their jobs more rapidly, and earn lower wages than white workers. This paper quantifies the contributions of statistical discrimination, as portrayed by negative stereotyping and screening discrimination, to such employment and wage dis- parities. We develop an equilibrium search model of statistical discrimination with learning based on Moscarini (2005) and estimate it by indirect inference. We show that statistical discrimination alone cannot simultaneously explain the observed differences in residual wages and monthly job loss probabilities between black and white workers. However, a model with negative stereotyping, larger unemployment valuation and faster learning about the quality of matches for black workers can account for these facts. One implication of our findings is that black workers have larger returns to tenure.
Mots clés Learning, Screening Discrimination, Job Search, Indirect Inference
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Résumé In rank-order tournaments, players have incentives to cheat in order to increase their probability of winning the prize. Usually, cheating is seen as a technology that allows individuals to illegally increase their best potential performances. This paper argues that cheating can alternatively be seen as a technology that ensures that the best performances are reached more often. We call this technology recovery doping and show that it yields new insights on the effects of cheating: recovery doping lowers performance uncertainty, thereby changing the outcome of the contest in favour of the best players. We develop this theory in a game with player heterogeneity and performance uncertainty and then study the results of the cross-country skiing World Cup between 1987 and 2006. In line with our theoretical predictions, race-specific rankings were remarkably stable during the 1990s, subsequently becoming more volatile. This pattern reflects the rise and fall of synthetic EPO and the emergence of blood testing and profiling.
Mots clés Game Theory, Recovery doping, Rank correlation
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Résumé This paper provides a method to single out customer-based discrimination in the housing market. We build a matching model with ethnic externalities where landlords differ in the number of housing units they own within the same building. Multiple-dwelling landlords discriminate more often than single-dwelling landlords only if some tenants are prejudiced against the minority group. By testing the null hypothesis whereby minority tenants are equally likely to have a multiple-dwelling landlord, we can test whether there is customer discrimination or not. We run the test on French data and show evidence of customer discrimination in the rental market.
Mots clés Customer Discrimination, Matching frictions, Neighborhood Externalities, Housing Market
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