Publications
L’entreprise libérée est souvent présentée comme une innovation managériale et un modèle organisationnel d’avenir. Pourtant, même si elle est une tentative de réponse intéressante aux problématiques de déplacement des attentes des collaborateurs au travail, il faut s’interroger sur la véritable nature de cette réponse : véritable concept managérial ou appellation acceptée faute de mieux ? Nous formulons dans cet essai d’abord une critique de l’entreprise libérée avant de proposer une révision conceptuelle à l’aide de l’éclairage postmoderne et en introduisant la notion d’entreprise libérante. Nous suggérons ainsi une nouvelle piste en cherchant à repenser les grandes postures managériales. Nous proposons donc de cesser de vouloir « libérer » l’entreprise pour poser les bases de l’entreprise « libérante », en déplaçant notre réflexion sur les salariés. Ce travail de rénovation conceptuelle s’appuie sur une étude exploratoire qualitative menée auprès de managers « libérateurs » dans des organisations qui se sont autoproclamées « entreprises libérées ». Puis nous étendons les conclusions de cette étude à des pistes de postures managériales au service de collaborateurs libérés, nouvelles postures managériales d’autant plus importantes qu’elles se situent désormais dans un monde de travail hybride post-covid.
Using a Markov-perfect equilibrium model, we show that the use of customer data to practice intertemporal price discrimination will improve monopoly profit if and only if information precision is higher than a certain threshold level. This U-shaped relationship lends support to a popular view that knowledge is good only if it is sufficiently refined. When information accuracy can only be achieved through costly investment, we find that investing in profiling is profitable only if this allows to reach a high enough level of information precision. Consumers expected surplus being a hump-shaped function of information accuracy, we show that consumers have an incentive to lobby for privacy protection legislation which raises the cost of monopoly's investment in information accuracy. However, this cost should not dissuade firms to collect some information on customers' tastes, as the absence of consumers' profiling is actually detrimental to consumers.
This paper estimates trade barriers in government procurement, a market that accounts for 12 percent of world GDP. Using data from inter-country input–output tables in a gravity model, we find that home bias in government procurement is significantly higher than in trade between firms. However, this difference has decreased over time. Results also show that trade agreements with provisions on government procurement increase cross-border flows of services, whereas the effect on goods is small and not different from that in private markets. Provisions on transparency and procedural requirements are particularly instrumental in increasing cross-border government procurement.
The interest rate at which US firms borrow funds has two features: (i) it moves in a countercyclical fashion and (ii) it is an inverted leading indicator of real economic activity: low interest rates today forecast future booms in GDP, consumption, investment, and employment. We show that a Kiyotaki–Moore model accounts for both properties when interest-rate movements are driven, in a significant way, by self-fulfilling belief shocks that redistribute income away from lenders and to borrowers during booms. The credit-based nature of such self-fulfilling equilibria is shown to be essential: the dynamic correlation between current loanable funds rate and future aggregate economic activity depends critically on the property that the interest rate is state-contingent. Bayesian estimation of our benchmark DSGE model on US data shows that the model driven by redistribution shocks results in a better fit to the data than both standard RBC models and Kiyotaki–Moore type models with unique equilibrium.
I present a model of child development that highlights the effect of parent-child interactions on the formation of skills. Through the parent’s affection, the child learns and builds mental representations of the self as loved and competent. These mental representations shape the child’s noncognitive skills and foster learning. I show that this model provides a unifying explanation for well-established evidence on child development. The model also sheds light on how early exposure to media devices can negatively impact skill acquisition. I discuss implications for the design of policies to reduce inequalities in child development.
Parmi les priorités affichées dans le programme présidentiel d’Emmanuel Macron figurent l’école, la santé, la dépendance, la police, la justice, l’environnement, l’énergie et la défense. L’absence de l’université dans cette liste est a priori étonnante quand on sait que la dotation publique moyenne par étudiant ne cesse de baisser depuis dix ans, en raison notamment de la hausse des effectifs : tous s’accordent sur ce fait objectif. Lucas Chancel et Thomas Piketty estiment que la dotation publique par étudiant a baissé en termes réels de 16 % entre 2012 et 2022. Le site du ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur ne contredit pas ce constat, en indiquant une baisse nominale de 12 % entre 2011 et 2019. La loi de programmation pour la recherche (LPR) prévoit bien des budgets supplémentaires pour la recherche, à hauteur de 500 millions par an sur les dix prochaines années. À l’horizon du quinquennat qui s’ouvre, si les promesses sont tenues, c’est 0,1 point de PIB en plus pour le financement de la recherche. Mais les sommes qui seraient nécessaires pour nous rapprocher de nos compétiteurs étrangers sont d’un autre ordre de grandeur. Rappelons que la France ne consacre que 1,3 % de son PIB à l’enseignement supérieur, alors que les pays anglo-saxons dépassent les 2 %. Il nous manque 17 milliards par an pour seulement espérer égaler l’Angleterre. Avec 10 milliards de plus par an, on pourrait déjà faire beaucoup, mais nous en sommes loin.
À cela on doit sans doute ajouter que l’évolution de la dette publique et le déficit du budget de l’État nous invitent à un pessimisme renforcé au sujet des dotations publiques dont l’Université pourrait disposer à l’avenir…
This paper examines the adaptation policy of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) facing climate change. We consider a dynamic economy with the following ingredients: (i) natural capital is an input in local production that is degraded as a result of climate change; (ii) the government has two instruments to cope with climate-related damages: it can adjust the population size thanks to migration policies and/or it can undertake adaptation measures in order to slow the degradation of natural assets; (iii) expatriates send remittances back home. We identify two critical conditions on the fundamentals of the economy that helps understand the features of the optimal policy. We especially show that in most situations, the migration policy is a valuable instrument. Calibrating the model for Caribbean SIDS, we find that the optimal policy of the Caribbean region displays heterogeneity, that is explained by the different degradation rate, population size, and endowment in natural capital. We also highlight that the higher the climate damages, the higher the incentives to conduct an active adaptation policy, combining conventional adaptation actions and migration.
This paper addresses the question of the effectiveness and permanence of temporary incentives to contribute to a public good. Using a common experimental framework, we investigate the effects of a recommendation that takes the form of an exhortative message to contribute, a monetary punishment and a non-monetary reward to sustain high levels of contributions. In particular, we shed light on the differential impact these mechanisms have on heterogeneous types of agents. The results show that all three incentives increase contributions compared to a pre-phase where there is no incentive. Monetary sanctions lead to the highest contributions, but a sudden drop in contributions is observed once the incentive to punish is removed. On the contrary, Recommendation leads to the lowest contributions but maintains a long-lasting impact in the Post-policy phase. In particular, it makes free-riders increase their contribution over time in the post-incentive phase. Finally, non-monetary reward backfires against those who are weakly conditional cooperators. Our findings emphasize the importance of designing and maintaining incentives not only for free-riders, but for strong and weak conditional cooperators as well, depending on characteristics of the incentives.
L'équilibre entre la vie professionnelle et la vie privée, le bien-être subjectif et la satisfaction au travail sont autant d'éléments susceptibles d'avoir un impact sur la vie des collaborateurs dans l'entreprise. L'employeur a donc tout intérêt à traiter avec soin ces sujets pour maintenir ou construire un lien avec les employés. L'article propose d'étudier ces rapports dans le contexte particulier de collaborateurs suivant un parcours santé d'AMP qui exacerbe encore un peu plus ces liens de causes à effets. C'est toute la problématique de l'accompagnement par l'employeur des collaborateurs en vulnérabilité qui est explorée ici. De la qualité de cet accompagnement par la GRH notamment, dépend donc la force du lien entre l'employeur et le collaborateur.
Efficiency within the health system is well recognised as key for achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC). However, achieving equity and efficiency simultaneously is often seen as a conflicting effort. Using 12 years of data (2003–2014) from the selection of a number of low- and lower middle-income countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Indonesia, Mongolia, Mozambique, Tajikistan, Togo, Uzbekistan and Yemen Republic), we compute an index of Universal health coverage (UHC), measure the health system’s performance (HSp) and, finally, investigate the cross-dynamics of the resulting HSp and the UHC previously obtained. We find that, with the few exceptions over the statistical sample, the causality between performances of the national health system and the universal health coverage is typically bidirectional. From an empirical standpoint, our findings challenge the idea from economic orthodoxy that efficiency must precede equity in healthcare services. Rather, our findings support the view of simultaneous efforts to improve expansion of the coverage and efficiency of the health system, directing attention towards the importance of organisation of the health system in the country context.
