*This paper examines how early-life exposure to the opposite gender shapes long-term socioeconomic outcomes by exploiting the gradual mixing of boys and girls (coeducation) in French elementary schools between 1958 and 1975. I construct a measure of exposure to coeducation across cohorts and departments and link it to longitudinal administrative data. The results show that coeducation contributed to narrowing the gender gap. Evidence suggests that this comes primarily from changes in occupational allocation rather than from changes in labour supply. These findings suggest that coeducation contributed to reshaping gender norms in the labour market.

**The strategic use of judicial processes against political rivals, often termed lawfare, has historically characterized authoritarian regimes and is now increasingly observed in democracies. A central empirical challenge is distinguishing uniform enforcement of wrongdoing from selective targeting of opponents. Using a regression discontinuity design and newly assembled data from Pakistan, we provide causal evidence on the existence and extent of lawfare. We show that political rivals face systematically greater judicial scrutiny, with effects large enough to crowd out legitimate anti-corruption efforts. These asymmetries consolidate incumbent power, as convictions of opposition politicians eliminate the well-documented incumbency advantage and reduce their chances of re-election. Although democratization is often expected to strengthen institutions, our results show that lawfare endures in both military and democratic rule. We further identify some conditions under which the weaponization of justice intensifies or recedes. These findings highlight how the political manipulation of the courts undermines the promise of rule-based accountability, even during periods of institutional reform and institutions designed to uphold justice can, when politicized, turn justice into a struggle for power rather than a safeguard of accountability.