*A recent survey data show that almost half of respondents do not know the CHI coverage level they opted for. Knowing that NHI covers the majority of health care expenditures (about four fifths), one may wonder if they are sufficiently informed about their CHI, and if they made the right choice when subscribing. This empirical work explores a survey carried out in in 2019 and matched with an administrative dataset from a French leading CHI provider. By using ordered probit models, such data allows us to highlight the determinants of the choice of CHI across three sub-populations: those who ignore their CHI level, those who are mistaken, and finally those who are truly aware. We assume that optimizing the choice of CHI may contribute to bridging the gap between reimbursements and contributions, the contributions to which are scrutinized in the paper. This insurance gap largely appears heterogenous across the population, therefore quantile regressions are performed. For 85% of the population, the CHI premium is higher than the sum of the benefits taken from the reimbursed healthcare.  The results show great differences in the factors that influence the individuals’ decision-making process according to their knowledge of their CHI level. The insurance gap is not widened by comfort healthcare consumption but essentially by inpatient care which might tip the balance in favour of an “optimal” choice.

**In this paper, I use a pseudo-panel approach with data from the European Union Labour Force Survey to study the impact of paternity leave policies on mothers' employment in ten countries. Using a dynamic Difference-inDifference strategy, I show that paternity leave increased mothers' employment rate by up to 17% in the long run, and average hours worked by 2 to 4%. There is substantial heterogeneity across countries in the effect of paternity leave policies. The impact on employment rates is positive and significant in eight of the ten countries of the sample, while the impact on hours worked can be either positive or negative. I find no evidence that the reforms had any impact on Greece or Portugal.